Abraham’s second great test for idolatry came when God commanded him to do the unimaginable.
Genesis says, “After these things God tested Abraham and said to him, ‘Abraham!’ And he said, ‘Here am I.’ He said, ‘Take your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love, and go to the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt offering on one of the mountains of which I shall tell you’” (22:1–2).
This is now decades after Abraham’s first encounter with God, and God has given him the desire of his heart by making possible the miraculous birth of a son through his wife Sarah. The Lord gives; sometimes he takes away.
The Lord knew how Abraham felt about Isaac. God called him “your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love.” He knew Abraham had for decades focused his hope on having a son, and once Isaac was born Abraham loved him above all. God also knew that his blessings can replace him in people’s hearts. Consequently one of the most harmful things that can happen to us is to get what we want. We can only find true life in our loving Creator. Because of his jealous love for Abraham God had to test to see if Isaac had become his god.
The test was stark: him or me? Obey me and sacrifice Isaac. Protect Isaac and disobey me. Which will it be?
God does what is right
The subject of testing teaches much about God. He tests for exclusive worship because of what he said in the Ten Commandments: “I the LORD your God am a jealous God” (Exo. 20:5). He forbids idols because he is jealous, not in the insecure and fallen way that humans are jealous, but rather in the strong and righteous way of guarding a romantic relationship from what it should not abide. Even heathens call adultery cheating. God knows if we are in a true love relationship with him we should not cheat on him. Your heart can have only one God.
So the test of exclusive worship includes the command to surrender whatever holds the place in your heart that belongs only to God. However, notice that after Abraham surrendered Isaac, the Lord allowed him to keep Isaac. God’s purpose was not to take what Abraham loved, but to ensure his heart was properly ordered. Abraham showed that no one could take God’s place in his heart.
You likewise must not only surrender competing loves, but also wholeheartedly embrace God, for your heart abhors a vacuum. It will have a first love.
This is the final post in a series on how God tested Abraham by calling him to sacrifice his son Isaac (see Genesis 22). To read from the beginning, click here.
God’s fierce, covenant love is what draws us even though he tests us. His love is worth everything. His love is better than life. And his love can be trusted. In fact, one of the most encouraging things about Abraham’s test is God’s jealousy. It shows how much he cares about you. Your love matters to the Lord of all.
The worst thing that can happen to you is not to be tested as Abraham was; the worst would be if the Lord of the universe did not care about your love. I do not want the one who holds my life in his hand to be indifferent. I am glad my affection matters infinitely to him. What could be more flattering or give greater significance? Not success or fame. Not family. And not wealth. Not anything we withhold from him. God tests deeply because he loves deeply. He will prove true to those who prove true to him.
Such love is why we need not fear this trial. Fallen hearts avoid surrender. In some ways we want to be close to God and his blessings, yet at the same time we want to keep our distance lest he require us to surrender what we love most. We fear what he will ask from us. This is one reason people avoid God, the Bible, and church. They know they have something he wants, and they do not intend to release it. It has become their god, their supreme desire, the one thing they feel they cannot live without. If the choice is between God and Isaac, they choose Isaac.
Surprisingly it is this unsettling quality of God’s heart—his jealously of Isaac—that assures you can wholeheartedly draw near. For he requires surrender because he loves you greatly. He requires surrender because that love will satisfy infinitely more than your Isaac. He requires surrender because he knows his generous intentions to reward your sacrifice extravagantly. And he requires surrender because he is God; therefore he alone deserves your ultimate devotion. It glorifies him, and that glory will delight you forever.
In the end, we lose what we withhold from God and keep what we give. Abraham’s ultimate test ends with these words about him and his son: “They arose and went together to Beersheba” (Genesis 22:19).
How the cross of Jesus compares with Abraham’s test
In the previous posts we have seen in Genesis 22 that God tested Abraham by commanding him to journey to a distant mountain and there sacrifice his son Isaac. Abraham obeyed God, to the point that he was moments away from slaying his son. At that moment God intervened and directed Abraham to a ram to sacrifice in Isaac’s place.
How is this test of Abraham thousands of years ago relevant for us today?
First, Abraham’s test resembles the Cross of Christ in too many ways to be a coincidence. Both involve the substitutionary sacrifice of a lamb who is a ram. Both involve a father giving his beloved son. And both involve a son submitting quietly to their father’s action, going like a sheep to the slaughter.
Both involve God’s provision for what man lacks. Both involve the ultimate test of a man’s life, in particular the test for obedience and surrender. And both involve a son to be sacrificed on wood.
Both involve death and resurrection (see Hebrews 11:19). Both happened on a mount in a region named Moriah, perhaps the same mountain (see 2 Chron. 3:1 and 1 Chron. 21). Like the Cross on Golgotha, the altar on Mount Moriah showed the ocean depths of God’s heart.
The Cross of Jesus is the greatest revelation of God. Given its similarity, the testing of Abraham must also be one of his greatest revelations. It was not an anomaly.
Further relevance
As he did with Abraham, God calls everyone to the same obedience and the complete surrender of what we love most. Jesus said, “If anyone comes to me and does not hate his own father and mother and wife and children and brothers and sisters, yes, and even his own life, he cannot be my disciple. Whoever does not bear his own cross and come after me cannot be my disciple…. So therefore, any one of you who does not renounce all that he has cannot be my disciple” (Luke 14:26–27, 33).
Jesus said the most important commandment is “to love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind and with all your strength” (Mark 12:30).
Romans 12:1 says, “I appeal to you therefore, brothers, by the mercies of God, to present your bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, which is your spiritual worship.”
Jesus calls us to surrender in spirit every relationship and priority dear to us, to sacrifice our very selves. God calls us to sacrifice Isaac.
Differences
How does Abraham’s test differ from our similar tests? First, again, God has commanded in Scripture that no one may offer a child in sacrifice. He never intended for Abraham to sacrifice Isaac, and he forbids anyone today to slay a person in ritual sacrifice.
The second difference is how God communicates. When he tests you about surrendering something, he ordinarily does not speak with an audible voice as he spoke to Abraham, but rather through his written Word, your conscience, and other people and circumstances. But such a call is no less a test. Jesus summons everyone to full surrender, and you know whether you have complied. You know if you love something or someone more than God. You know when the central issue in a trial is whether you will surrender what you most value. You also will know whether God is returning what you surrender, just as he restored Isaac to Abraham.
Abraham’s test reveals God’s heart, for he does not change. This trial shows how important it is to God that you fear him in a way that results in obedience. This trial also shows his jealous love. He will not have rivals. His jealousy is not the insecure, sinful jealousy we experience but rather a divine jealousy based in covenant love. God does not need your love, for he is perfectly self-sufficient, yet he has freely chosen to set his steadfast love on you and enter covenant with you. Divine love is covenant love, which we must requite in faithfulness.
In the previous posts we have seen in Genesis 22 that God tested Abraham by commanding him to journey to a distant mountain and there sacrifice his son Isaac. Abraham obeyed God, to the point that he was moments away from slaying his son—when the Angel of the Lord interrupted him.
And suddenly everything returned to normal. The Angel of the Lord tells Abraham, “Do not lay your hand on the boy or do anything to him, for now I know that you fear God, seeing you have not withheld your son, your only son, from me.” Notice what God commends in Abraham: “Now I know that you fear God.” Abraham’s reverence for God’s holiness results in obedience without reservation. This is true love for the Lord. If we fear him, we withhold nothing.
Behold
Abraham looks around “and behold, behind him was a ram, caught in a thicket by his horns” (v. 13). The narrator used “behold” twice in this story. Behold adds emphasis. The narrator first used behold when Isaac was carrying the wood up the mountain and said to his father, “Behold, the fire and the wood, but where is the lamb for a burnt offering?” (v. 7). Isaac’s question is ultimately answered in verse 13 with the matching “Behold, behind him was a ram.” In this way the narrator highlights these two sentences in yellow and draws a line between them. Abraham takes the ram and offers it in Isaac’s place.
However, an important shift has occurred. Ascending the mountain, Isaac had asked about the lamb for sacrifice, and Abraham had spoken in faith that God would provide the lamb (vv. 7–8). A lamb is a young sheep, but what Abraham found caught in the thicket was a ram, a mature male sheep with horns. This shift is not accidental. The two beholds mentioned above focus attention. From our perspective having both the Old and New Testaments in our hands, we know there is more to this story than the testing of Abraham. This event foreshadows Jesus. It ultimately pictures the Lamb who is a Ram. He is both. He is the sacrificial Lamb killed as a substitute, but he is the powerful Ram with horns of royal authority. Jesus is the Lord. Yet, as Abraham said, this is the Lamb God would provide. Just as Isaac was bound and silently, willingly let himself be placed on the wood, so our Lord and Messiah let himself be arrested, was silent before his shearers, and willingly died on the wood he had carried. Jesus’ death on the cross was a sacrifice.
Surely
After Abraham sacrifices the ram on the altar in Isaac’s place, the Angel of the Lord calls to him a second time from heaven: “By myself I have sworn, declares the LORD, because you have done this and have not withheld your son, your only son, I will surely bless you, and I will surely multiply your offspring as the stars of heaven and as the sand that is on the seashore. And your offspring shall possess the gate of his enemies, and in your offspring shall all the nations of the earth be blessed, because you have obeyed my voice.” (vv. 16–18)
Once again a test functions as a bridge to a glorious future, as a stairway to a higher calling. Notice the repetition of “surely”: “I will surely bless you, and I will surely multiply your offspring.” The repetition reinforces the certainty intended by the opening words, “By myself I have sworn.” By passing this test, Abraham made something certain that apparently would have been uncertain had he withheld Isaac. God would not bless what Abraham withheld to the degree he would bless what he surrendered. The Lord reaffirmed three previous promises—(1) blessing [Gen. 12:2], (2) numerous offspring [Genesis 15:5. This is the first time that God says Abraham will have offspring as numerous as the sand on the seashore], (3) and being a blessing to the nations [Gen. 12:3]—and added a new promise: Abraham’s offspring will possess the gate of his enemies.
Jesus
This added promise is significant. The offspring to whom it refers is Jesus Christ, and his enemies are the demons of this world and their ruler, the archenemy of God, Satan himself. God is promising Abraham that Jesus will completely defeat Satan and his kingdom of darkness. As Jesus promised Peter, “I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it” (Mat. 16:18). In other words, through Abraham’s offspring Jesus Christ, God will remedy the problem of evil. It is evil that has brought pain and sorrow to humanity throughout history, and it is Jesus who will conquer it.
God links that reversal in the world’s fallen condition to Abraham’s obedience. Abraham could not save the world, for he too is marked by sin, but because of Abraham’s obedience God made the sinless Savior his offspring. Because Abraham passed the test, Jesus the Redeemer would be his descendant.
Passing a divine test brings increase
In this narrative God commends Abraham for three things. “You fear God” (v. 12). “You have not withheld your son” (v. 12). “You have obeyed my voice” (v. 18). God tested Abraham for these qualities and likewise tests us. Do we fear God, revering him as holy and trembling at his words? Will we withhold anything from him, in particular what we love most? Will we obey his voice, taking all his words seriously? If we pass the test, God’s heart is to reward us extravagantly.
In some way God always increases what we surrender to him. Sooner or later he rewards sacrifice in larger, lasting ways, in this age or the age to come, in physical or spiritual blessings. One Isaac surrendered to God became offspring as numerous as the stars in the sky and the sand by the seashore. One difficult act of obedience led to the descendent whose perfect obedience leads all God’s people to obedience and salvation. Jesus said, “Everyone who has left houses or brothers or sisters or father or mother or children or lands, for my name’s sake, will receive a hundredfold and will inherit eternal life” (Mat. 19:29). And, “Unless a grain of wheat falls into the earth and dies, it remains alone; but if it dies, it bears much fruit” (John 12:24). By surrendering Isaac, Abraham kept him for the rest of his life and forevermore. God is infinitely good to those who pass the trial of surrender.
In Genesis 22 Abraham’s action shows the reality of his faith.
In the previous posts we have seen in Genesis 22 that God tested Abraham by commanding him to journey to a distant mountain and there sacrifice his son Isaac. We considered Abraham’s thoughts as he took that journey with attention to what Abraham knew about God that enabled him to obey. Below we see Abraham in the moment of truth.
What Abraham does
By the time they reach the mountain in Moriah, Abraham has concluded that God will indeed provide a lamb that will substitute for the sacrifice of his son Isaac. He stops short of the site for sacrifice and there leaves his two servants and donkey. He puts the wood on Isaac’s back and takes the fire and knife. As they walk to the site, Isaac recognizes the obvious and says, “Behold, the fire and the wood, but where is the lamb for a burnt offering?”
From the overflow of his heart, Abraham’s mouth speaks. “God will provide for himself the lamb for a burnt offering, my son.” The Lord had not told Abraham that explicitly, but Abraham knew God, and based on everything he knew about him and what God had told him he concluded this was what God would do. He set his faith on it. All his life, including decades as a sojourner in the Promised Land, he had seen God provide everything he needed, and what he needed now more than anything was a lamb as a substitute for his son Isaac. Whatever he truly needed, he believed God would provide.
Building an altar
Meanwhile what he needed was to obey the Lord’s command, and that he does. Father and son arrive at the site for sacrifice. With solemn confidence Abraham builds an altar. On it he carefully arranges the wood. He turns to his son, his only son Isaac, and without delay proceeds to bind his hands and feet. His heart is settled; he will not withhold his beloved son from the Lord. He has already given him to God in his heart, and now he will give him as a sacrifice. He wraps his arms around his beloved son, trusting this will not be the last time he holds him close, lifts him, and lays him on the wood of the altar. God gives the old man physical strength to lift his son’s weight, some 50–100 pounds, and God gives him emotional strength to take knife in hand.
Isaac’s trust
Isaac is surprisingly passive. He did not resist as Abraham bound his hands and feet. He did not object. Isaac did not struggle to make it impossible for Abraham to place him on the altar. He does not twist and kick to roll off the altar, as he certainly could have. Why not? Did he have the same confidence as his father? Did he believe what his father had assured him, that God would provide a lamb? Had he surrendered himself to God in the same trusting way his father had surrendered him? Did he trust Abraham the way Abraham trusted God?
The story repeats an important sentence two times: in verse 6 it says, “So they went both of them together.” Again in verse 8 the identical words: “So they went both of them together.” This repetition is wrapped around the crucial interchange in verses 7–8, where Isaac said, “Behold, the fire and the wood, but where is the lamb for a burnt offering?” and Abraham replied, “God will provide for himself the lamb for a burnt offering, my son.” Father and son are in this “together.” They both choose to trust and obey God.
Now that the knife is in Abraham’s hand, God has seen enough. He knows everything he wanted to know from this test. The Angel of the Lord cries out, “Abraham, Abraham!”—a twofold repetition, which conveyed intimacy.
Here am I
This interruption Abraham was expecting. Slowly, firmly, with reverence for the God he loves more than Isaac, Abraham replies. “Here am I.” This is the third time in the narrative that Abraham says, “Here am I.” The first was when the test began. God broke the silence by calling his name, and Abraham replied, “Here am I.” The second time Abraham said this was at the pivotal moment when he and Isaac were climbing the mountain. Isaac broke the silence: “My father.” And Abraham replied, “Here am I, my son.” And Isaac asked the million-dollar question: “Behold, the fire and the wood, but where is the lamb for a burnt offering?” The third time Abraham said these words is now, at the moment of salvation as God intervenes to answer Abraham’s faith and spare Isaac. “Here am I” reveals Abraham’s heart, that he is available to God his Father and Isaac his son, responsive not withdrawing, near not far, open not closed, listening not ignoring. Through the threefold repetition of “Here am I” the author of this narrative calls quiet attention to Abraham’s intimacy with God and Isaac, a closeness that withstood the sternest trial.
A heart of love
In the midst of this test Abraham could have closed his heart toward either God or Isaac in an attempt to maintain emotional consistency. One might think Abraham had to choose between them. But in his holy heart that was not so. Abraham did not close his heart toward either. His wholehearted love for and trust in God were so great that he was able to maintain wholehearted love toward Isaac even as he surrendered him. In relation to God, perfect love, trust, and surrender integrate one’s heart.
In Genesis 22, God tests Abraham to see if he has truly surrendered.
Looking on the world from a great height does wonders for your soul. Living for years on the 20th floor of a Chicago high-rise, I get to watch massive cloud formations come and go, to marvel at pulsing bolts of lightning and fierce storms near and far, to gaze thirty miles on a sunny day, to enjoy colorful sunsets of endless variety. To see far and wide even on a normal day feels epic.
In this new series of posts on divine testing we will see far and wide, for we come now to one of the great tests of every soul. We see the shape of this test in the paradigmatic story of God’s testing Abraham by commanding him to sacrifice his son Isaac as a burnt offering.
God tests Abraham
The writer of Genesis leaves no doubt about God’s purpose in the event, beginning the narrative, “After these things God tested Abraham” (22:1). The test begins with one short command. Abraham suddenly, unmistakably, hears God call his name and say, “Take your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love, and go to the land of Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt offering on one of the mountains of which I shall tell you” (v. 2).
The Lord does not tell Abraham why to do this or much about how. Instead he makes clear he knows how precious Isaac is to Abraham, tenderly describing Isaac as “your son, your only son Isaac, whom you love.” God knows what he is asking of Abraham. He understands emotion, relationship, love. He is not an impersonal force making heartless demands. The Lord understands the bond between father and son, for God is Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. He is love, and as we will see, because he is love he gives this command.
Abraham responds promptly. He awakes early the next morning to do what God said. He does not delay a few days to think over whether he will obey.
Abraham is hands-on. Instead of delegating preparations to servants, the old man (approximately age 110–115) does them himself. He saddles the donkey. He cuts wood for the sacrifice, for this is not ordinary wood but sacred wood on which he will offer to God his precious son. Five times this short narrative calls attention to the wood.
Abraham acts decisively. Five times the narrative uses some form of the word take to describe his actions. He is not suffering from shock at God’s request, not bewildered or immobilized. He knows and trusts the Lord and thus acts with forceful resolution. So he takes the wood, two servants, fire, knife, and Isaac—the son whom God promised to him, whom God called Abraham’s “only son” (v. 2)—and they depart.
